| PREFACE |
| 1. A COMMON LANGUAGE |
| 1.1. Sets |
| 1.2. "Ordered pairs, products, and relations" |
| 1.3. Functions and mappings |
| 1.4. Binary operations |
| 1.5. Abstract systems |
| 1.6. Suggested reading |
| 2. THE BASIC NUMBER SYSTEMS |
| 2.1 The natural number system |
| 2.2 Order and cancellation |
| 2.3. Well-ordering |
| 2.4. Counting and finite sets |
| 2.5. The integers defined |
| 2.6. Ordering the integers |
| 2.7. Isomorphic systems and extensions |
| 2.8. Another extension |
| 2.9. Order and density |
| 2.10. * The real number system |
| 2.11. Power of the abstract approach |
| 2.12. Remarks |
| 2.13. Suggested reading |
| 3. DECOMPOSITIONS OF INTEGERS |
| 3.1. Divisor theorem |
| 3.2. Congruence and factors |
| 3.3. Primes |
| 3.4. Greatest common factor |
| 3.5. Unique factorization again |
| 3.6. Euler's totient |
| 3.7. Suggested reading |
| 4. * DIOPHANTINE PROBLEMS |
| 4.1. Linear Diophantine equations |
| 4.2. More linear Diophantine equations |
| 4.3. Linear congruences |
| 4.4. Pythagorean triples |
| 4.5. Method of descent |
| 4.6. Sum of two squares |
| 4.7. Suggested reading |
| 5. ANOTHER LOOK AT CONGRUENCES |
| 5.1. The system of congruence classes modulo m |
| 5.2. Homomorphisms |
| 5.3. Subsystems and quotient systems |
| 5.4. * System of ideals |
| 5.5. * Remarks |
| 5.6. Suggested reading |
| 6. GROUPS |
| 6.1. Definitions and examples |
| 6.2. Elementary properties |
| 6.3. Subgroups and cyclic groups |
| 6.4. Cosets |
| 6.5. Abelian groups |
| 6.6. * Finite Abelian groups |
| 6.7. * Normal subgroups |
| 6.8. * Sylow's theorem |
| 6.9. * Additional remarks |
| 6.10. Suggested reading |
| 7. "RINGS, DOMAINS, AND FIELDS" |
| 7.1. Definitions and examples |
| 7.2. Elementary properties |
| 7.3. Exponentiation and scalar product |
| 7.4. Subsystems and characteristic |
| 7.5. Isomorphisms and extensions |
| 7.6. Homomorphisms and ideals |
| 7.7. Ring of functions |
| 7.8. Suggested reading |
| 8. POLYNOMIAL RINGS |
| 8.1. Polynomial rings |
| 8.2. Polynomial domains |
| 8.3. Reducibility in the domain of a field |
| 8.4. Reducibility over the rational field |
| 8.5. Ideals and extensions |
| 8.6. Root fields and splitting fields |
| 8.7. * Automorphisms and Galois g |
| 8.8. * An application to geometry |
| 8.9. * Transcendental extensions and partial fractions |
| 8.10. Suggested reading |
| 9. * QUADRATIC DOMAINS |
| 9.1. Quadratic fields and integers |
| 9.2. Factorization in quadratic domains |
| 9.3. Gaussian integers |
| 9.4. Ideals and integral bases |
| 9.5. The semigroup of ideals |
| 9.6. Factorization of ideals |
| 9.7. Unique factorization and primes |
| 9.8. Quadratic residues |
| 9.9. Principal ideal domains |
| 9.10. Remarks |
| 9.11. Suggested reading |
| 10. * MODULAR SYSTEMS |
| 10.1. The polynomial ring of J/(m) |
| 10.2. Zeros modulo a prime |
| 10.3. Zeros modulo a prime power |
| 10.4. Zeros modulo a composite |
| 10.5. Galois fields |
| 10.6. Automorphisms of a Galois field |
| 10.7 Suggested reading |
| 11. MODULES AND VECTOR SPACES |
| 11.1. Definitions and examples |
| 11.2. Subspaces |
| 11.3. Linear independence and bases |
| 11.4. Dimension and isomorphism |
| 11.5. Row echelon form |
| 11.6. Uniqueness |
| 11.7. Systems of linear equations |
| 11.8. Column rank |
| 11.9. Suggested reading |
| 12. LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS AND MATRICES |
| 12.1. Homomorphisms and linear transformations |
| 12.2. Bases and matrices |
| 12.3. Addition |
| 12.4. Multiplication |
| 12.5. Rings of linear transformations of matrices |
| 12.6. Nonsingular matrices |
| 12.7. Change of basis |
| 12.8. * Ideals and algebras |
| 12.9 Suggested reading |
| 13. ELEMENTARY THEORY OF MATRICES |
| 13.1. Special types of matrices |
| 13.2. A factorization |
| 13.3. On the right side |
| 13.4. Over a polynomial domain |
| 13.5. Determinants |
| 13.6. Determinant of a product |
| 13.7. Characteristic polynomial |
| 13.8. Triangularization and diagonalization |
| 13.9. Nilpotent matrices and transformations |
| 13.10. Jordan form |
| 13.11. Remarks |
| 13.12. Suggested reading |
| GENERAL REFERENCES |
| INDEX |