Undergraduate-level text focuses on three lines of the development of contemporary chemical structural theory: the classical theory of bonding in molecules; the ionic interpretation of electrolyte solutions; and the physical theory of atomic structure. 186 illustrations. 1969 edition.

Table of Contents for The Development of Chemical Principles

CHAPTER 1 THE ATOMIC-MOLECULAR THEORY
1.1 The Differentiation Between Simple Substances and Mixtures; the Starting Point for Chemical Science
1.2 Compounds and Elements
1.3 The Law of Definite Proportions
1.4 The Development of the Daltonian Atomic Theory
1.5 Quantitative Relationships in Chemistry
1.6 The Problem of Atomic Weights
1.7 The Gas Laws
1.8 Gay-Lussac's Law of Combining Volumes
1.9 Avogadro's Model for Gases
1.10 The Method of Cannizzaro
1.11 The Mole Concept
1.12 The Significance of Chemical Equations
1.13 Determination of Molecular Weights. The Gas Law Again
1.14 Stoichiometric Calculations
Appendix: Molecules In Motion
1A.1 Derivation of the Kinetic Theory Equation
1A.2 Relationships Which Develop from the Kinetic-Molecular Equation
1A.3 The Absolute Velocities of Molecules
1A.4 Comments on What We Have Done
1A.5 Real and Ideal Gases: The van der Waals Equation
CHAPTER 2 "VALENCE, MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY "
2.1 The Idea of Valence
2.2 Organic Chemistry: The Structure of Molecules
2.3 Isomerism
2.4 Reactions and Structures
2.5 Functional Groups
2.6 Determination of Structures of Natural Products
2.7 The Benzene Problem
2.8 Functional Groups and Infrared Spectroscopy
2.9 The Chemical Bond-a Last Word
Appendix: A Small Catalog of Some Functional Groups and Some of their Reactions
2A.1 Alkanes
2A.2 Alkenes
2A.3 Aldehydes
2A.4 Ketones
2A.5 Alcohols
2A.6 Carboxylic Acids
Seminar: The Benzene Structure Problem
CHAPTER 3 STEREOCHEMISTRY-MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Polarized Light and Optical Activity
3.3 The Explanation of Optical Activity in Crystals
3.4 The Contributions of Pasteur
3.5 Resolution
3.6 Terminology
3.7 Van't Hoff and Le Bel-Tetrahedral Carbon
3.8 Geometrical Isomerism-Van't Hoff's Prediction
3.9 Molecules Containing More Than One Asymmetric Center
3.10 X-Ray Diffraction
3.11 Bond Length
Seminar: Ring Conformations
CHAPTER 4 SOLUTIONS OF NONELECTROLYTES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Certain Properties of Pure Liquids
4.3 Solutions-Vocabulary and Definitions
4.4 Colligative Properties of Solutions
4.5 Molecular Weights of Solutes; Interpretation of Dependence on m
4.6 Raoult's Law
4.7 Osmotic Pressure of Solutions
4.8 Saturated Solutions and Solub
CHAPTER 5 SOLUTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Conductivity of Electrolytes
5.3 Kohlrausch's Law
5.4 Arrhenius' Theory of Conductivity
5.5 Arrhenius' Synthesis
5.6 Solvent Dielectric Constant
5.7 Critical Evaluation of Arrhenius' Theory
5.8 The Structure of Strong Electrolytes
5.9 Conductivity-The Theory of Debye-Huckel and Onsager
5.10 Electrolytes in the Solid State
5.11 Acid-Base Neutralization: Net Ionic Equations
Seminar: CoordInation Compounds
CHAPTER 6 ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND ENERGETICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
6.1 Faraday's Laws of Electrolysis
6.2 The Electron-A First Approach
6.3 Galvanic Cells
6.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
6.5 The Oxidation State Concept of Valence
6.6 Standard Half-Cell Potentials
6.7 The Effect of Concentration on Potentials
6.8 Cell Potentials and Reaction Equilibrium
6.9 "Heat, Work, Free Energy, and Spontaneous Reaction: Part I"
6.10 "Heat, Work, Free Energy, and Spontaneous Reaction: Part II "
6.11 The Entropy Function
6.12 The Effect of Temperature on Chemical Reactions
Seminar: Bond Energies
Appendix: Calculations from Some Equilibrium Constants
6A.1 Some Further Examples of the Equilibrium Constant
6A.2 Applications of the Equilibrium Condition to Acid-Base Reactions
6A.3 Solubility Equilibria of Slightly Soluble Salts
6A.4 Ionic Atmosphere Effects
Seminar: A Diprotlc Acid Calculation
CHAPTER 7 CHEMICAL FAMILIES-THE PERIODIC LAW AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Families of Elements
7.3 "The "Extension" of the List of Elements"
7.4 Döbereiner's Triads
7.5 Newlands' Octaves
7.6 The Periodic Law: Mendeléeff and Meyer
7.7 The Modern Periodic Table
7.8 Atomic Structures and the Physicists
7.9 Gas Discharge Tubes-The Electron Again
7.10 Gas Discharge Tubes-Isotopes
7.11 Radioactivity
7.12 Rutherford and the Nuclear Atom
CHAPTER 8 "ATOMIC STRUCTURE, WAVES, AND THE PERIODIC TABLE "
8.1 The Wave Model of Light
8.2 The Photoelectric Effect and the Photon
8.3 Line Spectra and Energy Terms
8.4 Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
8.5 Matter Waves
8.6 The Uncertainty Principle
8.7 The Schrödinger Model for Hydrogen Atoms
8.8 The Simplest Hydrogen Orbitals
8.9 Other Hydrogen Orbitals
8.10 Contour Diagrams
8.11 The Electron Spin Quantum Number
8.12 "Heavier Atoms, the Pauli Principle, and the Periodic Ta
8.13 Many-Electron Atoms: Energy Levels
8.14 Trends in Ionization Potentials
8.15 Electron Affinity and Electronegativity
Seminar: A Wave Treatment or Diatomic Molecule Rotation
CHAPTER 9 THE ELECTRONIC THEORY OF VALENCE
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Lewis- KosseI Theory
9.3 Electronegativity and Electron Sharing
9.4 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory
9.5 Heavier Atoms
9.6 Limitations of the Lewis Theory
9.7 Formation of Ionic Lattices
9.8 Ionic Radii and Ions in Solution
9.9 The Energetics of Electron Sharing
9.10 Simple Molecular Orbitals
9.11 Molecular Orbitals for HF
9.12 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
9.13 Localized Molecular Orbital Models of Some Polyatomic Molecules
9.14 First Steps Toward a Theory of Metal Lattices
9.15 Residual Intermolecular Interactions
9.16 Hydrogen Bonding
"Seminar: "Electrostatic" or "Ionic" Theory of Complexes"
APPENDIX 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE DYNAMICS OF CHEMICAL REACTION
A1.1 Introduction
A1.2 Gas Molecules Collision Frequency
A1.3 First Comparisons with Experiment
A1.4 Energetic Collisions in Molecular Beams
A1.5 The Arrhenius Equation
A1.6 The Steric Factor
A1.7 The Transition-State Theory
A1.8 Reaction Mechanisms
A1.9 A Case Study: Solvolysis of (Ch3)3CX
APPENDIX 2 BRIEF REVIEW OF SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF MECHANICS AND ELECTRICITY
A2.1 Speed
A2.2 Velocity and Acceleration
A2.3 Laws of Motion
A2.4 Types of Forces
A2.5 "Energy, Work, and Voltage"
APPENDIX 3 WAVES (A. B. ARONS)
A3.1 Introduction
A3.2 Types of Waves
A3.3 Wavelength and Frequency of Periodic Wave Trains
A3.4 Relative Phases of Sinusoidal Wave Trains
A3.5 Waves in Two Dimensions.
A3.6 Diffraction
A3.7 Refraction
A3.8 Moving Source
A3.9 Bow Waves
A3.10 Superposition
A3.11 Interference
A3.12 Elementary Analysis of the Two-Source Interference Pattern
A3.13 Plane Wave Transmitted Through a Grating
A3.14 Single-Slit Diffraction Pattern
A3.15 Energy and Momentum in Wave Propagation
APPENDIX 4 USEFUL CONSTANTS AND UNIT CONVERSION FACTORS
INDEX

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