| Introduction |
| The Visigoths in the Fifth Century |
| The Barbarians imitated the Romans |
| Wooden Ramparts of the Celts |
| The Roman Testudo |
| The Roman Camps |
| Wooden Towers on Roman Walls |
| Roman Walls of Towns |
| The Visigoth Fortifications |
| Towers at Carcassonne |
| Tower with Outworks |
| Fortifications of Towns |
| Roman Towns |
| Visigoth Towns |
| Roman Fortifications |
| The Tower |
| The Rat |
| Attacks of the German Tribes |
| The Battering-ram used in the Tenth Century |
| The Battering-ram used in the Eleventh Century |
| Improvements after the First Crusades |
| Detached Forts introduced in the Twelfth Century |
| Advantages of Detached Forts |
| Frequency of Sorties |
| The Norman Castles |
| Activity of Defenders Necessary |
| The Engines of War |
| The Mine |
| Siege of Carcassonne in 1240 |
| The Battering-ram in the Thirteenth Century |
| Siege of Toulouse by Simon de Montfort |
| Fortifications of Carcassonne |
| Plan of Carcassonne |
| Bird's-eye View of Carcassonne |
| Necessity for Projections from the Walls |
| The Hoarding |
| The Hoard, and the Cat |
| The Lines of Approach |
| Engines for Attack and Defence |
| Attack by the Drawbridge from the Wooden Tower |
| Use of Bastions |
| Defensive Arrangements |
| Details of Defence |
| Means of Defence |
| Spirit of Feudalism |
| The Feudal Castle |
| Paris and the Louvre |
| Plan of Paris, Thirteenth Century |
| Plan of Paris, Fourteenth Century |
| Plan of Coucy |
| Plans of Towns |
| Anglo-Norman Feudalism |
| Feudal Castles of France |
| Richard Coeur-de-Lion, a consummate warrior and an able engineer |
| The Château-Gaillard |
| Keep of the Château-Gaillard |
| Siege of the Château-Gaillard by Philip Augustus, defended by Roger de Lacy |
| Castle of Montargis |
| The Donjon or Keep |
| The Donjon or Keep of Etampes |
| The Donjon or Keep of Provins |
| The Castle and Keep of Coucy |
| Enguerrand de Coucy |
| The Feudal Castles |
| Improved Modes of Defence |
| Arrangement of Loopholes |
| Loopholes and Battlements |
| Round Bastions |
| The Curtain-wall |
| The Pointed Bastion or Horn |
| Pointed Bastions or Beaks |
| Bastions at Aigues-Mortes |
| Plans of Bastions at Carcassonne and Falaise |
| The Narbonne Gate at Carcassonne |
| Means of De |
| The Drawbridge |
| Siege of Aubenton |
| Timber-hoarding |
| Battlements and Machicoulis |
| Hoarding and Machicoulis |
| Castle of Pierrefonds |
| The Walls of Avignon |
| Palace of the Pope at Avignon |
| The Castle of Vincennes |
| Plan of Vincennes |
| Improvement of Defences |
| Introduction of Infantry |
| The Battle of Crécy |
| Changes in Warfare |
| The Siege of Aiguillon |
| The Siege of Calais |
| The Jaquerie or Brigands |
| Superior Discipline of the English Armies |
| The Army of Du Guesclin |
| Feudal Traditions long preserved, except in the Good Towns |
| Introduction of Artillery |
| Early Use of Artillery and Trenches |
| The English Expelled from France by Improved Artillery |
| Further Improvements in Artillery |
| Cannons of the Fifteenth Century |
| An Archer of the Fifteenth Century |
| The Long-bow and the Cross-bow |
| Alterations of Castles to receive Cannon |
| The Castle of Bonaguil |
| Embrasures for Cannon |
| Modifications of Towers |
| Walls of the Town of Langres |
| Adaptations of Old Works |
| Tower at Perigueux |
| Fortress of Schaffhausen |
| Fortifications of Schaffhausen |
| Changes in the Art of Defence |
| Fortifications of Orange under Louis XI |
| Fortifications of Nuys |
| Castles of the Close of the Fifteenth Century |
| Modes of Strengthening Walls |
| Re-entering Ramparts |
| Fortifications of Sienna |
| Effects of Artillery |
| Use of Discharging-arches |
| Ramparts for Artillery |
| Ramparts of Earth and Timber |
| Ramparts of Timber |
| Embrasures formed with Gabions |
| The Trenches with Gabions |
| Fortifications of Metz |
| Widening the Area |
| Enlargement of Barbicans into Boulevards |
| Fortifications of Hull |
| Fortifications of Lubeck |
| Fortifications of Milan |
| Use of the Cavalier |
| The Bridge of Marseilles |
| Cavalier at Verona |
| Use of Traverses |
| Use of Bastions |
| Fortifications of Nuremberg |
| Fortifications of Augsburg |
| Frankfort-on-the-Maine |
| The Orillon |
| The Italian Engineers |
| Improved Bastions |
| Bastions attacked |
| A Bastion Isolated |
| Bird's-eye View of a Bastion |
| Use of Ravelins |
| Plans of Ravelins |
| Improvements in Embrasures |
| Embrasures at Nuremberg |
| Hoarding at Nuremberg |
| Improved Embra |
| Crenelles with Shutters |
| Embrasure with Loopholes |
| Embrasures at Basle |
| Complicated Defences |
| Advice of Machiavelli |
| Changes caused by the use of Artillery |
| Effects of Artillery |
| Mines and Countermines |
| Countermines--Galleries |
| Bastions according to De Ville |
| System of Vauban |
| Conclusion |