| Preface |
| List of Phonetic Symbols |
| NUMBER SEQUENCE AND NUMBER LANGUAGE |
| Introduction |
| The Number Sequence |
| The Abstract Number Sequence |
| The Number Sequence Use Concretely |
| NUMBERS WITHOUT WORDS |
| NUMBERS AS ATTRIBUTES |
| NUMBERS AS ADJECTIVES |
| Expansion of the Number Sequence by Means of Supplementary Quantities |
| NUMBERING BY FINGERS AND TOES |
| Principles of the Number Sequence |
| SUCCESSION AND GROUP |
| GROUPINGS OF HIGHER RANK |
| GRADATION BY STEPS |
| GROUPINGS IN THE GRADUATED NUMBER SEQUENCE |
| "20-GROUP "MAN" |
| NUMBER LANGUAGE AND NUMBER SYMBOLS |
| Historical Gradations |
| REPRESENTING THE GRADATION |
| NUMBER SYSTEMS BASED ON GRADATIONS OF 20 |
| VIGESIMAL GRADATIONS IN EUROPEAN NUMBER SEQUENCES |
| THE AINU NUMBER SEQUENCE |
| Laws Governing the Formation of Number Words |
| SUCCESSION OF MAGNITUDES |
| BACK-COUNTING |
| OVERCOUNTING |
| ADDITIONAL WAYS OF FORMING NUMBER WORDS |
| THE FIRST STEPS BEYOND TEN |
| Our Number Words |
| Indo-European Family Languages |
| SURVEY OF LANGUAGES AND NUMBER WORDS |
| THE ORIGINAL INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE |
| THE INDIVIDUAL INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES |
| The Non-Indo-European Languages |
| The Meaning of Our Number Words |
| IMAGES BEHIND THE CONCEPTS OF SIZE AND NUMBER |
| SEMANTIC FADING |
| OUR INDO-EUROPEAN NUMBER WORDS |
| Was There a Babylonian Influence on Our Number Sequence? |
| THE BREAK AFTER SIXTY |
| THE ROLE PLAYED BY THE NUMBER SIXTY IN CULTURAL HISTORY |
| GREAT HUNDRED |
| THE NUMBER TWELVE AS THE BASIC UNIT OF THE GREAT HUNDRED |
| THE ROMAN DUODECIMAL FRACTIONS |
| THE BABYLONIAN SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM |
| THE BREAK AFTER SIXTY IN THE GERMANIC NUMBER SEQUENCE |
| Hidden Number Words |
| ONE |
| TWO |
| THREE |
| FOUR |
| FIVE |
| SIX |
| SEVEN |
| NINE |
| TEN |
| TWENTY |
| FORTY |
| FIFTY |
| SEVENTY |
| HUNDRED |
| THOUSAND |
| NUMBER |
| The Evolution of the Number Sequence |
| FOREIGN LOAN WORDS |
| WRITTEN NUMERALS AND COMPUTATIONS |
| Preface |
| Introduction |
| Finger Counting |
| Finger Counting |
| THE VENERABLE BEDE AND HIS FINGER COUNTING |
| FINGER COUNTING IN ANTI |
| FINGER COUNTING IN ARABIC AND EAST AFRICAN COMMERCE TRADE |
| ROMAN FINGER COUNTING IN THE WEST |
| COMPUTATIONS ON THE FINGERS |
| SOME FORMS OF FINGER COUNTING USE BY PEOPLES OF OTHER CULTURES |
| Folk Symbols for Numbers |
| Tally Sticks |
| EARLY WRITING AND READING |
| TALLY STICKS WERE UNIVERSAL |
| VARIETIES OF TALLY STICKS |
| THE BRITISH EXCHEQUER TALLIES |
| THE NUMBERS ON THE TALLY STICKS |
| ROMAN NUMERALS |
| CHINESE HAN STICKS |
| Peasant Numerals |
| Knots Used as Numerals |
| Alphabetical Numerals |
| The Gothic Numerals |
| Letters and Numbers |
| HISTORY OF THE ALPHABET |
| The Two Greek Sets of Numerals |
| Some Other Connections Between Letters and Numbers |
| "The "German" Roman Numerals" |
| Roman Numerals in Cursive Form |
| MEDIEVAL NUMBERS |
| THE GRADUAL PENETRATION OF THE NEW INDIAN NUMERALS |
| THE ACCOUNT BOOKS OF THE IMPERIAL FREE CITY OF AUGSBURG |
| WRITTEN NUMERALS AND COMPUTATIONS |
| The Abacus |
| The Nature of the Counting Board |
| The Counting Board in Ancient Civilizations |
| THE SALAMIS TABLET |
| DARIUS VASE |
| THE ETRUSCAN CAMEO |
| THE ROMAN HAND ABACUS |
| THE HAND ABACUS IN ASIA |
| THE ROMAN COUNTING BOARD WITH LOOSE COUNTERS |
| The Counting Board in the Early Middle Ages |
| THE WEST |
| THE MONASTIC ABACUS |
| The Counting Board in the Later Middle Ages |
| THE EVIDENCE FOR ITS USE |
| THE NEW RECKONING BOARD |
| THE NAMES OF THE COUNTING BOARDS |
| "RECKONING "ON THE LINES" |
| THE COUNTING BOARD IN EVERYDAY LIFE |
| THE COUNTING BOARD AND WRITTEN NUMERALS |
| The Counters |
| Our Own Numerals |
| Place-Value Notation |
| The Antecedents of Our Numerals |
| THE KHAROSTHI NUMERALS |
| THE BRAHMI NUMERALS |
| PLACE-VALUE NOTATION |
| The Westward Migration of the Indian Numerals |
| THE ZERO |
| ALEXANDRIA |
| THE INDIAN NUMERALS IN ARAB HANDS |
| THE FAMILY TREE OF INDIAN NUMERALS |
| The Indian Numerals in Western Europe |
| ITALY |
| LEONARDO OF PISA |
| THE GERMAN ARITHMETICIANS |
| "THE "NEW" NUMERALS" |
| RETROSPECT |
| Spoken Numbers and Number Symbols in China and Japan |
| Far Eastern Number Systems |
| Spoken Numbers |
| THE CHINESE NUMBER WORDS |
| JAPANESE NUMBER WORDS |
| KOREAN NUMBER |
| SUMMARY |
| WRITTEN NUMERALS |
| RETROSPECT: SPOKEN LANGUAGE?WRITING?WRITTEN NUMERALS |
| Index |